Six Types of Engagement in University Mathematics Courses

Abstract

Engagement encompasses cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimensions. In a qualitative study, we developed a typology of math-specific engagement. Interviews with 15 science students at a Swiss university identified six types: three homogeneous (Disengaged, Moderately Engaged, Fully Engaged) with low, medium, and high engagement levels; two heterogeneous (Frustrated Workers, Hard Workers) with less emotional but stronger cognitive/behavioral engagement; and Increasingly Engaged students showing significant improvement. Only Fully Engaged students consistently displayed high self-efficacy and (very) good performance. High outcome expectations were not essential for engagement. The results highlight the malleability of engagement, and the diverse support needs of each type.